The really cool thing about fielding positions in cricket is that you can have people positioned at different places depending on the batsman, and fielders can be moved and changed as needed (except during periods of fielding restrictions during shorter forms of the game-more on that later).
On the graphic below I've noted most of the main positions (although some might debate including one or two others).
In addition, you will often hear some positions used in conjunction with modifiers such as "silly" or "deep." Here is what those modifiers mean. My source for this list is http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fielding_(cricket)#Modifiers.
Deep, long: Farther away from the batsman.
Short: Closer to the batsman.
Silly: Very close to the batsman, so-called because of perceived danger.
Square: Somewhere along an imaginary extension of the popping crease.
Fine: Closer to an extension of an imaginary line along the middle of the pitch bisecting the stumps, when describing a fielder behind square.
Straight: Closer to an extension of an imaginary line along the middle of the pitch bisecting the stumps, when describing a fielder in front of square.
Wide: Further from an extension of an imaginary line along the middle of the pitch bisecting the stumps.
Forward: In front of square; further towards the end occupied by the bowler and further away from the end occupied by the batsman on strike.
Backward: Behind square; further towards the end occupied by the batsman on strike and further away from the end occupied by the bowler.
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